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ISSN 2611-8858

Topics

Negligence

The Best Available Techniques on Defining the Case in Issue and on the Culpability Verdict

The object of this article is the relevance given to the so-called best available techniques in the definition and detection of environmental crimes. In order to explore this topic, it's fundamental to clarify what is intended for BAT and how they operate in the environmental law system, before to evaluate under what terms criminal law might apply them. To do so, it's necessary to examine the nature of the BAT, analyzing how their identification inevitably involves political and economical factors - and not merely technical ones.

Legislative Options about Mens Rea in New Environmental Crimes

The discipline of the environmental crimes included in the penal code leads to questioning about some issues concerning culpability and the relationship between it and the punishment. In particular, the ambiguous wording of new art. 452-ter c.p. requires to verify whether death and bodily injuries require a mens rea of negligence. Moreover, art. 452-quinquies c.p. stimulates interesting reflections on the proportion between culpability and punishment.

The role of precautionary principle in the “new” environmental criminal law

The law no. 68 .of 2015 introduced new criminal offences, aimed to protect the environment, life and physical integrity of affiliates in various degree and shapes. It also introduced for environmental crimes to be subjected to a mechanism of degradation of the criminal offense and to avail of political and criminal tools already used successfully in other areas. Despite many changes have also affected decree no. 152 of 2006, the legislator didn’t clarify the role of the precautionary principle in the environmental criminal law. Far from being confined to a restricted space, like the the latest judgements of the Supreme Court suggested, the precautionary principle could know an expansion, contributing to the increase of area of criminal relevance concerning cases referred to articles 452 bis, 452 ter, 452 quinquies of Criminal Code.

The Criminal Liability of the Healthcare Professionals and the New Law No. 24/2017 (the So Called Gelli-Bianco Law)

The Law No. 24 of 2017 (the so called Gelli-Bianco Law), which has been welcomed with great enthusiasm by the medical profession, reshapes the criminal negligence in the healthcare sector, after less than five years from the Balduzzi Law. The new appearance of the medical liability for fault is based on a detailed regulation of the guidelines, within which it is possible to identify the recommendations which are generally binding for the healthcare professionals; at the same time a new Article, concerning the criminal liability for death or personal injury in the healthcare sector, has been inserted in the Penal Code (Art. 590-sexies), characterized by the cancellation of the gradation of the fault and by the limitation of the non-punishability only to the unskilful conducts, when appropriate guidelines are observed.

Some Reflections on "Parallel Dimensions" of Criminal Responsability: Anxiety for Justice, Moralism and Normative Conceptions of Guilt»

The article is inspired by the Prosecutor’s closing argument in the Eternit case before the Suprema Corte di cas-sazione. The author reflects on the inclination of the criminal law to use moral parameters, which was possibly encouraged by the so called “normative conception of culpability” as elaborated by the German legal doctrine. The conclusion remains open to the new horizons of a criminal law freed from the mythology of principles, but underlines – at the same time – the intrinsic moral value implied in the respect of criminal law guarantees and equality among citizens.

Precautionary Rules and Succession of Laws in the Whole Structure of Criminal Negligence

Offenses of negligence have always been characterized by a certain degree of incompleteness. They act like open models needing to be constantly integrated by statutory or socially-based rules (rules with precautionary objectives that impose a particular behaviour in order to prevent the occurrence of harmful events). This feature creates a number of issues, involving either the consistency of this tendency with the principle of legality, or the proper space to give to these behavioural canons in the whole geography of criminal negligence. In fact, the change over time of precautionary rules can be relevant under the art. 2 c.p. and they could be said to fully be part of the offense also when – existing in subordinated sources of law – they do not merely add an element of technical specification to it. These topics are analysed here in the specific context of the microsystem of musical, cinematic and theatrical performances defined by the so-called recent “Decreto palchi”.

Phenomenology of Criminal Negligence in Labour Law

This article underlines the suitability of a differentiated approach to criminal negligence. In doing so, the author draws heavily on legal literature advocating the practical and theoretical development of models of criminal liability based on the different contexts of risk and liability. Within this framework, particular emphasis is placed on the field of labour law, a true "laboratory" of experimentation and study, in the context of which numerous patterns of criminal negligence can be observed. In light of this "multiplicity", the discussion of the unintentional model of criminal liability requires us to take issue with the presumed "completeness" of the unitary approach, which appears to be deficient in both cognitive and descriptive purposes. To summarize, instead of speaking of negligence we should speak of... negligences. This article, therefore, sets out to shed light on the various patterns of criminal negligence in the field of labour health and security law, by critically evaluating how they affect, in terms of “distortion”, the proper implementation of the legal criteria ascribing subjective criminal liability.

Attestare stanca

A circa due anni dall'entrata in vigore della novella che ha introdotto il reato di “Falso in attestazioni e relazioni” con l'art. 236-bis della Legge Fallimentare, giunge la prima pronuncia (edita) sul tema. Si tratta di un'ordinanza interdittiva, emessa in una cornice fattuale da “caso limite” per la macroscopica tipicità delle condotte contestate: i fatti ad oggetto rendono la pronuncia di particolare interesse, specie se letta all'interno della cornice creata dalla giurisprudenza fallimentare sul tema delle attestazioni e delle relazioni del professionista, nonché dalla pubblicazione da parte del Consiglio nazionale dei Dottori commercialisti e degli Esperti contabili dei “Principi di attestazione dei piani di risanamento”. Un nuovo “caso Busiello”, di cui ci si è proposto di analizzare dati fattuali, percorsi motivazionali dell'estensore, nonchè possibili termini di applicazione futura dei dicta, specie in materia di prova del dolo. Alla ricerca quindi di un corretto inquadramento sistematico di una norma purtroppo mal scritta, dal contenuto potenzialmente deflagrante per tutto il sistema delle soluzioni concordate della crisi d'impresa.

La rappresentazione dell’evento al confine tra dolo e colpa: un’indagine su rischio, ragionevole speranza e indicatori “sintomatici”

A fronte dell’aumento esponenziale delle aree di rischio, in cui da un’attività lecita, possono derivare eventi lesivi penalmente rilevanti, le tradizionali categorie della volontà, quali componenti fondanti un’imputazione a titolo di dolo, si dimostrano spesso incapaci di abbracciare i tratti salienti dell’elemento psicologico presente in siffatte ipotesi. Né d’altronde appare sempre soddisfacente un’imputazione che scivoli tout court nell’alveo della colpa, sia pure aggravata dalla previsione dell’evento. L’impatto delle varie soluzioni proposte con la prassi giurisprudenziale si è spesso rivelato macchinoso. Una eloquente esemplificazione della problematica riguarda il caso Thyssen, nell’ambito del quale lo stesso fatto è stato valutato dall’angolo prospettico dei due distinti elementi psicologici, in base a parametri di tipo soggettivo-ipotetico. Ciò dimostra la natura cruciale della questione e, forse, la sua irrisolvibilità: sostanzialmente equipollente sul piano della colpevolezza, il disvalore duale di dolo eventuale e colpa cosciente sfugge spesso già sul piano della tipicità. In contesto così ambiguo, s’impone una scelta: o – in linea con la giurisprudenza prevalente – si rimarca la necessità di distinguere le due forme di elemento soggettivo denotando l’indagine sul coefficiente psicologico di appigli esterni o si rinuncia definitamente a cercarla approdando a un tertium genus di responsabilità colpevole.

In tema di omicidio stradale

Il contributo si sofferma sui tratti essenziali del disegno di legge introduttivo della fattispecie autonoma di omicidio stradale, nella versione approvata dalla Camera. Ci si interroga, in prima battuta, sulla reale necessità di questo intervento normativo. Si esaminano, quindi, le peculiarità della colpa c.d. stradale e si evidenziano le incongruità insite nel sottoporre le ipotesi che vi danno luogo a un trattamento sanzionatorio ben più rigoroso rispetto a quello riservato alle altre specie di colpa.